Morris, R. H., D. P. Abbott. and E. C. Haderlie. 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California. pp. 360-362.

Noda, T. 1999. Within- and between-patch variablility of predation intensity on the mussel Mytilus trossulus Gould on a rocky intertidal shore in Oregon, USA. Ecological Research. 14: 193-203.

O’Clair, R. M and C. E. O’Clair. 1998. Southeast Alaska’s Rocky Shores: Animals. Plant Press, Auke Bay, pp.114-116.

Ruppert, E. E. and R. D. Barnes. Invertebrate Zoology, 6th ed. Saunders College, Fort Worth, pp. 365-489.
 

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Leah Behrends, 2002.